Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention Journal of Nephropathology 2251-8363 13 2 2024 03 10 Association between calcium intake and prostate neoplasm; a systematic review and meta-analysis e21539 e21539 10.34172/jnp.2024.21539 EN Shahin Asgari Savadjani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-4608 Farshad Yadollahi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-6851 Ahmadreza Maghsoudi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-1222 Journal Article 10.34172/jnp.2024.21539 2023 12 24 2024 03 04 Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, and the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of calcium use on the risk of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: The current systematic review and meta-analysis used the PRISMA checklist. The search was conducted using databases, including Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, PubMed, and Google Scholar Search Engine, without a time limit until November 22, 2023. The obtained data was analyzed using STATA 14 software. Results: The results obtained from combining 28 observational studies and clinical trials indicated that calcium increased the risk of prostate cancer (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13). On the other hand, cohort (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13), cross-control (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.14), cross-sectional (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.29), and randomized controlled trial (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.39) studies indicated a relationship between calcium use and risk of prostate malignancy. Furthermore, calcium increased the risk of prostate cancer in the age group 50 to 59 years (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.24), however no considerable association was noticed between calcium administration and prostate cancer in the age group 60 to 69 years (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.13). The risk of prostate cancer in individuals who used less than 1300 mg calcium per day, those who used 1300 – 2000 mg/d, and those who taken more than 2000 mg calcium per day were (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1, 1.09), (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.26), and (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.48), respectively. Conclusion: Generally, calcium administration increases the risk of prostate cancer in men by 10%, and the risk is enhanced with the increase in dosage of calcium. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID=CRD42023489091) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1787) website.